A research expedition off the coast of Halifax, Canada located on the Atlantic Ocean in the province of Nova Scotia, chanced upon a surprise visitor. A 15-foot, great white shark came up to the boat even lifting its head out of the ocean. Instead of panicking, the students geared up and jumped right in the water.

Dalhousie University marine biology student, Geraldine Fernandez was completely thrilled by the experience. In an interview recorded in the video just below, she recalled the amazing experience.

Like most shark events, this was a docile encounter.

Fernandez described the encounter for the CBC’s Mainstreet Halifax, “Within a split second I just see a great white shark go through my screen.” To which most of us would think, ‘stay out of the water.’ But, that was not the response for these researchers. Fernandez continues, “We we’re in that water so quickly. One of the guests screamed ‘It’s coming up. It’s coming up.’ All of a sudden I just had this great image of the moment where, honestly, the moment where I fell in love with that shark. It was amazing.”

She was able to capture the moment, as the great white poked his head above water in this dazzling photo.

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Great white shark pokes its head above water. Image pulled from YouTube video – Photo taken by Geraldine Fernandez

Dr. Neil Hammerschlag, the President of Atlantic Shark Expeditions described the experience, “This individual was in the true sense massive, close to approaching 15 feet long. Just an extraordinary animal.” For many of us, this sounds like a terrifying moment. Dr. Hammerschlag continues describing his opportunity in witnessing the event, “… lifting its head out of the water, looking what’s happening above the water… Those types of encounters are special.”

The student Fernandez found the whole episode to be amazing. She hoped people would respond likewise saying, “I really want him to be seen the way he actually was which is just beautiful, graceful, elegant, and powerful. So powerful.”

How many great white sharks live in the world today?

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Great white shark swims in the ocean. Image via Canva – Photo by lindsay_imagery

According to the Environmental Literacy Council (ELC), estimates put the numbers at fewer than 3,500 living world wide. The species is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Due to overfishing taking away its food source and fisheries targeting other species like tuna that often catch them by mistake, their numbers continue to dangerously decline.

As reported by the ELC, “… nearly a third of shark species in the Mediterranean Sea have been fished to the brink of extinction.” With illegal shark finning, climate change, habitat degradation from pollution, and destructive fishing policies, sharks may not populate our oceans much longer. To make matters more challenging, great white sharks have few offspring in a litter and are very slow to mature. This makes it extremely challenging for the species to recover population during a decline.

As with this encounter, most shark interactions with humans are non threatening. As reported in the Florida Museum of Natural History on the International Shark Attack File (ISAF) the total number of unprovoked shark attacks in 2024 was 47. Of those attacks only 4 led to fatalities. Unfortunately, there are not studies on general encounters. Studies only keep track of the dangerous interactions that uncommonly occur when things go wrong.

  • As climate change causes flooding in London, experts found an effective, low-cost solution: beavers
    Photo credit: CanvaBeavers are solving several climate issues.

    West London’s Greenford Tube station had an ongoing problem. Due to climate change, the station would often flood during heavy rains. The rain would cause a nearby creek to overflow, flooding the ticket office and beyond. But in 2023, officials tried a natural method to help offset the flooding. All they had to do was bring back a vanished species to the area: beavers.

    A family of five beavers was released through the Ealing Beaver Project to act as “nature’s engineers” and help solve London’s flooding problem. Within weeks, the beavers built a dam in the creek, causing it to pool into a pond. Along with that, the beavers created new pathways and tributaries that further diverted water from the main creek. The small group of beavers not only built seven dams in their first year but also expanded biodiversity near populated areas.

    The combination of rerouting water and felling trees has brought new animals and species into the area. Some of the new additions inhabiting the creek are freshwater shrimp, two types of bats, a rare brownstreak butterfly species, and eight new species of birds. A whole new nature preserve is forming remarkably close to urban areas. In fact, the beavers are working just 100 meters behind a McDonald’s.

    What happened to the original beavers?

    The whole project is addressing the changing climate, but also undoing another man-made issue. The Eurasian beaver had been hunted to extinction in England and Wales more than 400 years ago. At the time, beavers were a valuable source of meat, fur for coats, and castoreum. Castoreum is a secretion from beavers that was used to enhance perfumes and flavor food. Had beavers still thrived, one could argue that the climate change-related flooding might not have occurred in the first place.

    The Ealing Beaver Project is one of several efforts to bring beavers back to the United Kingdom. One of the first attempts to repopulate beavers occurred in Scotland, where Norwegian beavers were introduced to Inverness-shire. Norwegian beavers were chosen because scientists determined they were the most genetically similar to the extinct U.K. beaver population.

    This beaver introduction hasn’t just solved a climate-related flooding problem, but it has also brought other benefits. Visitors and residents enjoy the newly biodiverse nature reserves by going on “beaver safaris” to see the creatures at work in person. Then there is the obvious benefit of the beavers solving these flooding problems effectively free of charge.

    Beavers are an international solution

    The U.K. isn’t the only place using beavers to address climate issues. Beavers were brought in to create dams and conserve river water during droughts in Utah. Similarly, beaver reintroduction into California’s streams and rivers was so beneficial that it was codified into state law.

    This shows that something as funny-looking as a swimming rodent with buck teeth and a paddle tail can make a huge difference in whether a place has enough natural water or too much. Humans just have to give a dam about them.

  • Wildlife reserves and gardens alike can be regrown thanks to dogs wearing backpacks with seeds
    Photo credit: Photo credt: @wilderlife8107 on YouTubeNative plants can be regrown thanks to dogs.

    Whether it’s a forest recovering from a wildfire or our own backyards, nature can use some help. Spreading seeds to ensure grass or wildflower growth can be a time-intensive process. However, there is one way that can be fun, quick, and help your dog get some exercise: strapping a backpack full of seeds onto them.

    The practice has been popularized internationally by sisters Francisca and Constanza Torres with their three dogs. Many forested areas of their native Chile were devastated by wildfires. The sisters came up with a plan to help reseed and regrow what had been burned down. The two would strap backpacks filled with grass and wildflowers seeds onto their border collies. The backpack had a small opening that would allow the seeds to fall out and spread as their dogs ran, jumped, and played throughout the area. 

    This helped the forests regrow while also providing the dogs exercise. The dogs were also able to walk into nooks and crannies human planters normally can’t access.

    An idea goes international

    The idea spread past countries and coastlines as a nature reserve in Lewes, East Sussex, England offered dog walkers backpacks with seeds. The walkers would strap the packs onto their furry friends as they went on nature walks to help rewild the area.

    “We’re really interested in rewilding processes, but they often involve reintroducing big herbivores like bison or wild horses,” said the project’s manager Dylan Walker to The Guardian in 2024. “In a smaller urban nature reserve it’s really hard to do those things. So, to replicate the effect that those animals have on the ecosystem we aimed to utilize the vast number of dog walkers that are visiting the nature reserve daily.”

    The concept itself was taken from nature. For centuries, wolves would have seeds caught in their fur. Over time, movement, and grooming, the seeds would be spread throughout other areas of the forest. The wolves acted as natural carriers for seeds much like bees are for pollen.

    Reseed your garden with Rover

    This technique doesn’t have to be reserved for wildfire recovery or regrowing public gardens. Your yard could benefit from it, too. While you could find a pack for your pup and fill it with seeds, there’s another way. Gardener Patrick Vernuccio suggests just filling a tea strainer with seeds and clipping it onto your dog’s collar. It should perform the same effect.

    If you have your dog help seed your yard, be sure that the plants you hope to grow are dog-friendly. Use non-toxic seeds for dogs such as roses, marigolds, and pansies among others. The ASPCA has a full list of plants that are unsafe for dogs to refer to when you’re unsure.

    Man’s best friend can also be man’s best gardening buddy.

  • How the ‘fog harvesting’ women of Morocco are influencing how desert areas get drinking water
    Photo credit: Canva/Liu277339840 via Wikimedia CommonsClean drinking water can be collected from fog.

    According to UNICEF, over two billion people live in an area with water scarcity. Climate change, data centers, and other factors are impacting the amount of drinkable water available. However, for the last ten years the women of Morocco have been implementing a water collecting technology that could be useful in other dry areas.

    For centuries, the people of Aït Baamrane in Morocco relied on rain and groundwater from wells for drinking and irrigation. It is reported that women of the town would walk four hours to fetch 50-gallon drums of water to carry back. However, intense drought and desertification have made the region even more difficult to live in. Now, they primarily rely on “fog harvesting” for water, with technique showing remarkable success since they started in 2010.

    The women-led NGO Dar Si Hmad built what is now the world’s largest operational fog-water harvesting system. This not only has successfully provided an average of 6,300 liters of potable water for more than 400 people in five villages in the area, but significantly reduced the time and physical cost of carrying water.

    How fog harvesting works

    Fog harvesting is the collection of water droplets from wind-driven fog. While Morocco is a dry area, it does have fog near its mountains and coastal regions. The fog collection system is typically constructed in the form of a mesh net set up and pulled taut between two posts. The net is spread out at an angle that’s perpendicular to the direction of the wind carrying the fog. Freshwater droplets are formed as the fog passes through the net, dripping into a gutter that leads to a storage tank.

    The fog-water collected in this particular system goes through a thorough UV, sand, and cartridge filtering process. The system is also solar powered, making it environmentally sound and cheaper than other methods. Since the collected water is pure from the sky, it is free of most contaminants and pollutants.

    Fog harvesting expanding

    Fog-harvesting/fog-catching has since expanded to other areas of the world. Movimiento Peruanos Sin Agua (Movement of Peruvians without Water) haven’t just built fog-catching nets in Peru, but in rural communities in Colombia, Bolivia, and Mexico. Fog-collectors in Spain collect droplets and water to help offset dry vegetation wildfires on the Canary Islands. Chilean fog harvesters are looking into expansion to help provide water for the poorest communities and dry urban areas.

    Other water collecting methods are being tested

    Scientists are also trying to find other methods to quickly and effectively draw water from the atmosphere. Researchers at MIT have developed a salt-based hydrogel that collects moisture from water vapor at night between glass panels. These panels create condensation of pure water when they are heated by sunlight. There is also research going into a sonic device that can quickly “shake water out of the atmosphere.”

    While scientists are in the midst of finding ways to obtain and conserve water in our future, there are steps people can take today. In terms of water conservation in the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has some resources that can help. Like collecting fog, collecting folks willing to pitch in can do wonders for the community.

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