What was most interesting to us is what we learned when we focused only on parents. Fathers with 4.0 GPAs reported overseeing an average of 19 people, compared with 10 for childless men with similar grades and about five for fathers with a 1.0 or less. In contrast, the best-performing mothers managed fewer than five people, compared with seven for childless women with top GPAs and three for mothers with the worst grades.
The motherhood penalty
Mothers with the best grades in high school manage the same number of employees in their early-to-mid careers as men with failing grades. The chart shows the average number of employees each demographic reported overseeing in their late 20s and 30s based on their actual grades in high school.
Chart: The Conversation, CC-BY-ND Source: Jill Yavorsky, Yue Qian
In other words, becoming a parent boosts leadership opportunities for men while diminishing them for women. Even attaining a college or advanced degree had the same effect, helping fathers but doing little for mothers. Other research reveals that men have a faster route to leadership positions across occupations, including in stereotypically feminine fields such as human resources and health care.
Why it matters
Recent economics research has highlighted "lost Einsteins" – the really smart students from poor families who never become inventors because they don't receive the same advantages and support that even low-achieving kids from rich families do.
The same can be said for women, whose talents have long been underutilized by corporate America. Our research showed that even the most talented and brightest women experience diminished leadership prospects on account of gender-related barriers, especially if they became mothers.
But the problem isn't motherhood or fatherhood per se. Past research has shown it's more about how society views mothers and fathers and the associated stereotypes that contribute to gendered outcomes. For example, fathers could be getting more leadership opportunities because employers stereotype them as better fits for positions that emphasize authority, long work hours and travel. Mothers, on the other hand, may see fewer chances because employers falsely believe they are less committed or competent.
Employers could help overcome this problem by reviewing how they evaluate workers and adopting fairer promotion practices that are more likely to recognize women's talent. More family-friendly policies such as paid leave and subsidized child care could also help.
What still isn't known
Given the limits of our sample, we do not know how our findings translate to younger groups, such as millennials. But given that progress toward equality in the workplace has slowed or even stalled on certain measures in recent decades, we believe it's likely that the leadership prospects of academically gifted women haven't improved much.
What's next
COVID-19 has harmed women's employment and productivity more than men's, particularly among parents because of a lack of child care support. We plan to conduct additional research to better understand how women's leadership opportunities may have been affected by the pandemic.
Jill Yavorsky is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of North Carolina – Charlotte
Yue Qian is an Assistant Professor of Sociology a the University of British Columbia
This article first appeared on The Conversation. You can read it here.
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