Julia “Butterfly” Hill often felt like an outsider during her childhood, according to Business Insider. However, as she matured, she began channeling her determination into causes close to her heart, particularly environmental protection. In 1997, Julia gained national attention for her act of civil disobedience: she climbed a 1,000-year-old redwood tree and lived there for an astonishing 738 days. Despite facing numerous challenges, including threats and isolation, she remained steadfast in her mission, setting a record for the longest tree-sit.

Representative Image Source: Forest Activist Julia Butterfly Hill appears on top of massive 180-foot tall, 1500-year-old California redwood tree. (Photo by Bob Riha, Jr./Getty Images)
Representative Image Source: Forest Activist Julia Butterfly Hill appears on top of massive 180-foot tall, 1500-year-old California redwood tree. (Photo by Bob Riha, Jr./Getty Images)

On December 10, 1997, 23-year-old Julia climbed an ancient redwood tree in California’s Redwood Forest, committing to stay there for the next two years. Her protest was against the Pacific Lumber Company’s plans to clear-cut the forest. For 738 days, Julia lived in the tree’s canopy, drawing attention to the cause.


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“I have two platforms. One is 180 feet up. That serves as a storage space. The living space is at about 100 feet. It is maybe 4 by 6 feet. A ground team brings food and supplies once a week. I lower down a bag of waste and bring supplies up,” Julia wrote in The New York Times, describing her tree-sitting experience. She added, “I have a camping stove and water from rain and fog. I go to the bathroom like everyone else, just minus the technology. And I have perfected the fine art of sponge ‘dashing’: I gather water, heat it up, and scrub myself. Luckily, I’ve never gotten sick.”


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According to All That’s Interesting, Julia was born in 1974. Until about ten years of age, she lived in a camper van as her father, Dale, was a traveling minister. She spent a major segment of her childhood moving around the United States. At the age of seven, while the Hill family went on a hiking trip, a butterfly landed on Julia’s shoulder and remained there for the rest of the trip. This prompted her family members to add the nickname “Butterfly” to her name.

Representative Image Source: Julia Butterfly Hill during No. Ten by Tanqueray hosts Angela Lindvall's Pool Party Benefitting The Collage Foundation at Private Residence in Pacific Palisades, California, United States. (Photo by Chris Weeks/WireImage)
 Image Source: Julia Butterfly Hill hosts Angela Lindvall's Pool Party Benefitting The Collage Foundation at Private Residence in Pacific Palisades, California, United States. (Photo by Chris Weeks/WireImage)

After her family settled in Arkansas, Julia attended college and worked various part-time jobs but still felt unclear about her life’s purpose. In 1996, a tragic car accident changed everything. The steering wheel struck her skull when a drunk driver rear-ended her car, severely impairing her hearing and walking abilities. This left Julia in a spiritual crisis, feeling hopeless about her future.


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“It took 10 months of physical and cognitive therapy to recover from the wreck, and during that time I realized I wanted to find a more powerful purpose for being here on this planet,” Hill told Grist magazine in 2006. “After I was released from my last doctor, I went on a road trip with friends which led me to California, which led me to the redwoods,” she said. When she traveled to California, she felt an instant connection reverberating between herself and the redwood trees.


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At a reggae festival and environmental fundraiser, Julia met activists from the environmental organization “Earth First!” They were protesting the clear-cutting of local redwoods by the Pacific Lumber Company. Inspired, Julia volunteered to join their cause, feeling she had found her true purpose. “When I entered the ancient redwoods for the first time, I dropped to my knees and began to cry. I connected with a higher purpose for my life. These beautiful forests were being clear-cut, and I wanted to do something. Then a guy was going around looking for someone to do a tree-sit as a protest. My hand shot up — Pick me, pick me!” I thought I was going to be up here for three weeks to a month,” Julia wrote in The New York Times.


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She named the tree Luna, the Latin word for “moon,” and fully committed to the environmental cause. While living at the top of Luna, she used solar panels to charge her batteries, electronic organizers, and a cordless phone to answer calls from various organizations and schools. She spent the rest of her time writing 100 to 150 letters per week. Despite numerous attempts by the logging company to break her resolve, including sending helicopters to hover above her and cutting off her supplies, Julia remained steadfast. She also faced natural threats like severe windstorms. “One night I thought I was going to die. The wind was 90 m.p.h.,” she recalled, “I grabbed Luna and started praying.”


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In December 1999, Julia signed a mutual agreement with the Pacific Lumber Company, according to which Luna and all other trees within a 200-foot buffer zone would be preserved. Julia also donated $50,000 to the company for the loss of revenue, which the company donated to the Humboldt State University for environment-related research. She also founded the “Circle of Life Foundation,” conducting speaking tours, music festivals, and training programs to promote environmental awareness and activism.

Representative Image Source: Julia Butterfly Hill during No. Ten by Tanqueray hosts Angela Lindvall's Pool Party at Private Residence in Pacific Palisades, California, United States. (Photo by Chris Weeks/WireImage)
Image Source: Julia Butterfly Hill during No. Ten by Tanqueray hosts Angela Lindvall's Pool Party at Private Residence in Pacific Palisades, California, United States. (Photo by Chris Weeks/WireImage)

After descending from Luna, Julia shared her feelings with The Sun, saying, “The person I’d been when I’d gone up and the person I was when I came down were so profoundly different that I wasn’t sure how I was going to be able to live in the world again.” She added, “When I set foot on the earth, there was a lot of emotion. There was extreme joy because we’d protected the tree and the grove around it, which a lot of people had said was impossible. But there was also sadness. I had become so much a part of that tree, and it had become so much a part of me, that I wasn’t sure I would fit in with other people.” Presently, Julia works as an author, life coach, and motivational speaker, inspiring people to live a conscious and fulfilling lifestyle.

  • How D.C.’s ‘humanure’ fertilizer creates lush gardens and big profits while improving the environment
    Photo credit: CanvaWhat you flush away could help your garden grow.

    The District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority—now known as D.C. Water—has long provided water and sewer services to Washington, D.C. But for the past decade, the utility has also had an unexpected side hustle: turning human wastewater into fertilizer with flourishing results.

    At most wastewater treatment plants, flushed water is cleaned, while the remaining solid matter is hauled away for disposal. Over time, transporting and disposing of that waste can cost millions of dollars while increasing carbon emissions from the trucks carrying it. A decade ago, however, D.C. Water decided to invest in transforming the solid waste into “humanure” rather than throwing it away.

    Growin’ grass and makin’ gas

    At the end of the wastewater treatment process, the collected human waste solids are processed into biosolid fertilizer using technology developed by Norwegian company Cambi. The process doesn’t just produce high-quality fertilizer—it also generates biogas that can be put to good use.

    “So you get up to 40% more biogas,” Cambi CEO Eirik Fadnes said. “That biogas can be used to generate electricity to be used elsewhere in the wastewater-treatment plant or put on the grid and sold.”

    D.C. Water sells the biosolid fertilizer under the brand name Bloom, and it’s already proving to be a success. Bloom has been used throughout the Washington, D.C., area by customers including Catholic University, Mount Olivet Cemetery, and the Franciscan Monastery. It’s also used on numerous lawns, school grounds, community gardens, and golf courses.

    Success by the numbers

    The numbers underscore D.C. Water’s success. To date, nearly 400,000 tons of Bloom have been sold across Washington, D.C., Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, generating $13.6 million in revenue. D.C. Water originally estimated it would take 20 years for Bloom to pay off its investment. But thanks to strong demand from institutions, landscapers, and local garden centers, the utility is now on pace to recoup that investment in just 12 years.

    Bloom is also helping D.C. Water meet its environmental goals. By turning waste into a useful product instead of hauling it away for disposal, the utility has reduced its carbon footprint by roughly 50,000 metric tons of CO₂ emissions each year—the equivalent of taking more than 11,700 gas-powered cars off the road annually. The process also produces biogas, which can be converted into electricity to help offset the energy costs of wastewater treatment.

    Human waste works wonders

    None of this would matter if human biosolids weren’t effective at improving soil. “Humanure,” a term coined by Joseph Jenkins, refers to compost made from properly treated human waste. Because human feces can contain disease-causing pathogens, it must be handled carefully. After all, we call it “waste” for a reason.

    When human waste is composted correctly, naturally occurring microbes break down the organic material while generating enough heat to destroy harmful pathogens. Over time, the result is a nutrient-rich compost that can improve soil health. Some farmers even build specialized outdoor composting toilets to create humanure for use on their land.

    Should D.C. Water continue on this path of simultaneous profitability and environmental improvement, it’s likely other wastewater treatment plants will follow its lead.

  • A Spanish park has been free of wildfires for over a decade thanks to 18 donkeys
    Photo credit: CanvaDonkeys and other livestock could help prevent mass wildfires.

    According to NASA, wildfires have doubled worldwide due to climate change. Throughout the globe, governments and environmentalists have been trying to find ways to curb the fires. One particular national park in Spain has found a solution that has been keeping them fire-free for over a decade: donkeys.

    Since 2014, the Firefighting Donkey Battalion unit consisting of 18 donkeys has been preventing wildfires in Doñana National Park in Doñana, Spain. The mission these donkeys do is simple: eat the dry brush that usually sparks and fuels wildfires. The donkeys spend up to seven hours a day using their voracious appetites to graze and clear a 130 by 50 feet area of dried grass, scrub, and other vegetation.

    Why donkeys?

    While humans can do this type of clearing out of dry brush, using donkeys for this work is arguably more effective. While it is a slower process, it is consistent and thorough. Donkeys are able to quietly patrol in areas that are inaccessible to vehicles. In exchange for the feasting, the donkeys get about eight gallons of water and rest. No money or fuel needed.

    The donkeys’ bodies are also pretty much built for this kind of environmental work, too. Their stomachs are built to eat the same rough and dry grass repeatedly without issues. These daily grazings slowly but surely remove potential origin sources for fires. As a bonus, the donkeys are naturally disposing of the dried vegetation whereas humans would have to find a different way to dispose of it.

    Having donkeys or other livestock graze in such areas was once more common in agriculture prior to modern farming. Some argue that the machinization of farming and urbanization have reduced the number of grazing animals. This in turn allows more vegetation growth that become dry spots for more wildfires to occur.

    The method expands

    This method has been so successful that other areas of Spain have adopted it. In 2020, Tivissa launched the Burros Bomberos project with three donkeys to so much success they’ve expanded. They now have 40 donkeys grazing and clearing nearly 400 hectares of land.

    The Andrea Association in Allariz uses a team of donkeys to clear and maintain nearly 1,000 hectares of a biosphere reserve. Using GPS to monitor the donkeys’ activity, the group of grazers travel 19 kilometers per day to feed. Similar initiatives have since started in Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, too.

    Other ways to combat wildfires

    In the United States, California has been using goats in a similar function. The group Fire Grazers Inc. has been contacted throughout California to bring hundreds of goats to eat dried vegetation. Much like donkeys, goats are built to eat rough and dry brush. This includes certain plants such as star thistle that are painful for human hands to grab.

    It’s important to note that donkeys or other animals that eat dry scrub are the primary solution to wildfires. The same folks behind these initiatives also advocate proper forest planning and land management. This includes reducing the amount of easily flammable species of plants and trees such as pine. It takes thought, care, work, and maybe a bunch of donkeys to make a difference.

  • Beyond birds and mice, free‑ranging cats eat a surprising number of insects
    Photo credit: SKashkin/iStock / Getty Images PlusDoes that look tasty?

    It’s pretty commonly known, and not very startling, that free-ranging cats eat birds and small rodents. But the degree to which they eat insects might surprise you.

    We are biologists who for many years have been trying to figure out what feral or outdoor-roaming pet cats eat outside.

    When domesticated cats – Felis catus – live freely in the wild or are allowed to hunt outside the homes where their owners live, they are an invasive species, which live in every ecosystem of the world except the continent of Antarctica. We wanted to know all of the species they eat – and to what degree free-ranging cats are eating endangered or threatened species.

    Examining reams of research

    Over the past two decades, we have evaluated hundreds of scientific findings, including searching through Google Scholar and Web of Science using the keywords “cat predation,” “feral cat,” “cat diet” and “Felis catus.” For each item we found, whether peer-reviewed or not, we evaluated whether it contained conclusive evidence of cat diet or predation. We also reviewed each one’s reference section for additional unique articles or databases pertaining to cat diet and predation, and included those in our search.

    Overall, we identified 533 unique publications – books, journal articles, theses and agency reports – that reported specific animal species consumed by cats. Cats’ plant-eating habits are occasionally, but haphazardly, noted in studies, so we did not include them in our analysis.

    Our initial work focused on an overall assessment of what free-ranging cats eat around the world. Published in 2023, this paper analyzed the 533 studies on cat diet or predation events published over more than a century and found that cats ate nearly 2,100 different species of animals, including invertebrates.

    Of those 2,100, the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species listed 347 as “near threatened,” “vulnerable,” “endangered,” “critically endangered” or “extinct” in 2023. Some of the species went extinct during the many decades covered by the data.

    Most of the species cats eat are not in danger

    Insects and the like

    Most of the species cats ate were vertebrates – mostly birds, followed by mammals and reptiles. But the data also indicated that at least 7% of the species cats eat are insects and other invertebrates, particularly beetles, and less frequently crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, snails and slugs, and millipedes.

    Many of the cat studies we reviewed did not report on how many individuals of a given species cats ate, so it was unclear what the total amount of insects was or how many calories cats are deriving from insects.

    Invertebrates make up more than 70% of all terrestrial animal species and are important pollinators, predators and herbivores in virtually every nonmarine ecosystem. Many invertebrates are in decline globally due to urbanization, habitat destruction, increases in both light and pesticide pollution, and climate change. So we dug deeper into the data to understand what invertebrates cats are eating.

    While a little more than one-third of all the studies we analyzed included invertebrates as part of cats’ diet, most of those failed to identify specific species of invertebrates. But we were able to find identifications of 148 invertebrate species.

    Of those, two are considered endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature: the Aldabran grasshopper (Pternoscirtus aldabrae) in Seychelles and the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi), which can grow up to 13 pounds (6 kilograms). Two others are considered vulnerable: wētāpunga (Deinacrida heteracantha), an insect native to New Zealand that can be about the size of a mouse, and the common yabby (Cherax destructor), a freshwater crayfish native to southeastern Australia. One other, the Canary Islands horned beetle (Arhopalus pinetorum), is listed as “near threatened.”

    A cat licks its lips while crouching over a dead mouse.
    Not surprising: Cat eats mouse. Julian Stratenschulte/picture alliance via Getty Images

    Effects on populations

    We have not found formal research evaluating how cats’ eating habits affect invertebrate populations. And for many species, they are likely not as significant a factor as wide-scale pesticide use.

    But it’s possible that cats could be significant contributors to the deaths of rare species or in specific locations.

    Cats require a large amount of protein, as much as one-third of their daily diet, and invertebrates are good sources of protein.

    In many places, invertebrates provide an easy source of food. Whether in an urban backyard or on a remote island, cats are unlikely to turn a blind eye to available prey. And some cats may find it entertaining to chase, catch and eat insects even if they don’t need their nutrition.

    A challenge of researching this question is that many invertebrates are relatively small, which makes direct observation in the field harder and can require more analytical approaches in the lab. And they have soft bodies, without distinguishing characteristics that could be easily recognized in scat or stomach contents.

    However, molecular technologies can identify species using trace amounts of DNA left in the environment by animals. Promising new studies are beginning to identify what cats eat by analyzing the DNA found in their stomachs and scat. That research may help explore in even more detail what cats are eating in the outdoors, and how it’s affecting various species and the environment as a whole.

    This article originally appeared on The Conversation. You can read it here.

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